Chipangizo chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito pokonza ma logic (CPLD) ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri pamakina anu. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, mutha kukonza ma chips awa kuti akupatseni ntchito za logic zomwe mukufuna. Izi zitha kukhala kusintha ma chips akale, kapena njira yophunzirira ndikuyesa ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana. Ndi njira iti yabwino yophunzirira kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito CPLD ndikuyesa?
Ndinapanga gawo la CPLD kuti ndizitha kulilumikiza muzinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo ma board opanda solder, koma ndinalakwitsa. Zikuoneka kuti malo olumikizira omwe alipo pa bolodi lopanda solder ndi mainchesi 1.1. Ndapanga malo oyambira kukhala mainchesi 1 m'lifupi, osasiya malo oti mzere wa mawaya mbali zonse ziwiri ukhale. Uh.
Koma ndiloleni ndibwerere mmbuyo ndikuwonetsa zambiri za zomwe ndikuchita, ndikufuna kupanga njira yokonzekera yomwe ingapangidwe ngati zida, yomwe ingagulitsidwe mosavuta kunyumba, yomwe ingakonzedwe mu circuit, ndipo ingagwire ntchito pa 3.3 kapena 5 volts.
Kuti ndipange zida zosavuta kugulitsira, ndinagwiritsa ntchito gawo lakale la CPLD, lomwe limapezekanso mu mitundu ya 3.3v ndi 5v, ndipo lidzasunga mapulogalamu ake mosasamala kanthu za magetsi omwe alipo. Logic yokha ndi CPLD IC kuchokera ku mndandanda wa Altera Max, yomwe imapezeka m'mitundu iwiri, yoyenera ma circuit board okhala ndi ma macrocell 32 kapena 64. Ma macrocell ndi maziko oyambira a logic omwe amakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito "mawu" a logical kenako amalumikizidwa ndi ma macrocell ena kudzera mu ma programmable interconnects.
Mukayang'ana chithunzicho, mutha kuwona kuti chilibe zambiri: makamaka CPLD, dera lopangira mapulogalamu mkati mwa circuit ndi oscillator yomwe imayendetsa CPLD logic.
Gawo ili limatchedwa EPM7032 ndi EPM7064, pogwiritsa ntchito chonyamulira cha pulasitiki cha 44-pin (PLCC), nthawi zina chimatchedwa J lead chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a J a lead lead. Phukusili likhoza kulowetsedwa mu soketi yodutsa kapena kugulitsidwa mwachindunji ku PCB.
Ili ndi oscillator yomwe ili mkati, kotero CPLD imatha kugwira ntchito mokhazikika ndikupanga ma counter othamanga yokha popanda kufunikira wotchi yakunja. Ngati wotchi yakunja ilipo, wotchi yothamanga kwambiri pa module ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga chochitika cha wotchi pamphepete iliyonse yokwera kapena yotsika ya wotchi yakunja, ndikutsatirabe malangizo a CPLD/FPGA, ndiko kuti, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito netiweki yamkati ya wotchi m'malo mwa "Asynchronous" yomwe imayendetsa wotchi. Voltage yamagetsi yoyesedwa ya oscillator iyi ili pakati pa 1.8 ndi 5.5 volts.
Ngati muonera kanemayo, mudzawona kuti ndikukambirana zomwe ndimakonda pa momwe ndingagwirire ntchito ndi pini ya "INH" pa oscillator; mwachidule, ndikawona kuti pepala lofotokozera ndi lovomerezeka, ndimalisiya kuti liziyandama.
Pogwira ntchito ndi zinthu ngati zimenezi, zifukwa zomwe zinandipangitsa kuganiza zinali kusakonda kulumikiza ma input pin mwachindunji ku ma power rails (ngati n'kotheka). Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ndimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ma series resistors kuti ndichepetse mphamvu yamagetsi panthawi ya transients, ngakhale itakhala kuti siikufunika.
Kwa zaka zambiri, ndaona mavuto ena pakupanga (magulu akuluakulu), ndipo nthawi zina zinthu monga kuyendetsa magetsi zimalola mapini olumikizidwa mwachindunji ku njanji yamagetsi kukhala ndi mphamvu yochulukirapo kuposa chip yokha, zomwe ndi zoyipa. Pomaliza, lumikizani pini ku njanji yamagetsi kudzera mu resistor (kaya ndi mphamvu kapena pansi), ndipo anthu amatha kusintha maganizo awo ndikugwiritsa ntchito piniyo pambuyo pake. Izi ndi zoona makamaka malinga ndi zomwe ndakumana nazo ndi zitseko zosagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwina mukudziwa kuti zitseko izi siziyenera kusiyidwa zikuyandama kapena zosalumikizidwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito resistor yokoka, mutha kulumikiza chizindikiro ndikugwiritsa ntchito chipata popanda kudula mizere yamkuwa.
Cholumikizira cha ma pin 10 ndi ma resistors angapo amapanga pulojekiti yopangira mapulogalamu. Ngati ma resistors onse ndi ma pull-up resistors, ndingagwiritse ntchito netiweki ya resistor, koma tsoka ilo, imodzi imakhala pansi.
Kuti ndipange pulogalamu ya CPLD yodziyimira payokha yotere, pamafunika pulogalamu yodzipereka. Izi n'zosavuta kwa ine kunena, chifukwa nthawi zambiri ndimakhala ndi zingapo pafupi nane, koma ngati mulibe, sizingakhale zopweteka kwambiri kulowa mumasewerawa. "Altera USB Blaster" yovomerezeka imagulitsidwa pa $50 ndipo ingagulidwe ku Digikey ndi malo ena. Ndili ndi ma clone angapo ochokera ku Ebay, imodzi mwa izo ndi clone yomwe imathandizira Altera, Xilinx ndi Lattice nthawi imodzi. Pali pulojekiti ndi code pa intaneti zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga clone yanu, ndidzazilemba pamndandanda wanga wamavidiyo omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa projekiti yopanga ma clone a mapulogalamu. Ndiwonetsanso kapangidwe ka chishango komwe ma motherboard, Arduino, PIC, ndi zina zotero zingakonzedwe.
Mapulogalamu ofunikira kuti asonkhanitse ndi kukonza pulogalamu ya CPLD amapezeka kwaulere kuchokera ku Altera, koma gawo lakale ili limafuna mtundu wakale wa 9.1. Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti linali mtundu wakale womwe ndimakonda kwambiri. Linali ndi chowunikira nthawi chodziwikiratu, koma linachotsedwa mu mtundu wina wotsatira.
PCB ndi kapangidwe kosavuta ka mbali ziwiri, bola ngati bolodi la dera likukwanira, ndimagwiritsa ntchito mkuwa poika pansi ndipo nthawi zina magetsi. Nthawi zina kuthira kumakhala kosweka kwambiri kotero kuti kungayambitse mavuto kapena zotsatira zosayenda bwino, kotero kuthiranso mkuwa ndi chida, koma kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa.
Masiku ano, ma phukusi ambiri a mapulogalamu a CAD (ngati si ambiri) ali ndi mawonedwe a 3D a chinthu chomaliza, ngakhale kulondola kwa zithunzi kumakhala kolondola monga ma model a 3D omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira zigawozo. Apa mutha kuwona komwe ndinasankha chitsanzo cha 3D cha socket ya 44-pin, cholumikizira mapulogalamu, ndi oscillator. Nazi ma phukusi ena a 3D omwe ndimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito:
Makampani ambiri alinso ndi mitundu ya 3D ya zigawo zawo. Molex ndi chitsanzo chimodzi chabe cha kampani yomwe yachita bwino kwambiri m'derali.
Cholakwika chomwe ndapanga sichikhudza ntchito monga kukongola, ndipo si vuto lalikulu, ndiko kuti, sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa bolodi limodzi lopanda chogulitsa.
Nditangoganiza kuti ndingagawane kapangidwe kake ndi aliyense, nthawi yomweyo sindinakhutire ndi zizindikiro za CPLD komanso mawonekedwe a cholumikizira cha ma pin 40, chomwe ndi chizindikiro chake chonse. Ndinatenga chizindikiro cha cholumikizira cha mizere iwiri cha ma pin 40 ndikuchisintha kukhala chizindikiro cha mainchesi 1, koma manambala a ma pin si 1, 2, 3, 4... koma ali ndi manambala 1 kumbali ngati phukusi la DIP 3, 5, 7...monga zolumikizira za chingwe cha riboni. Chifukwa chake, ndi chizindikiro chosamveka bwino chodziwira momwe mungalumikizire ku module ndikuthetsa mavuto.
Mofananamo, ntchito za CPLD pin ndi zosokoneza pang'ono, ndipo ndagwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zimadalira Boundary Scan Description Language (BSDL) popanga zizindikiro. Ogulitsa ambiri akuluakulu ali ndi mafayilo a BSDL omwe amapezeka pazinthu zawo zazikulu, zomwe zimakulolani kupanga zizindikiro ndi ma phukusi okha (semi-). Monga automation iliyonse, iyenera kuwonedwa ngati chida ndipo ingafunike kusisita kwina kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino. Pankhaniyi, ndimalola kuti ilembe ma pini motsatira zilembo za alfabeti, zomwe zimachitika mwachisawawa potsata ma pini pa bolodi. Ndinganene kuti ndinali ndi nkhawa kwambiri tsiku limenelo.
Mumalipira njira zazifupi izi nthawi zina paulendo. Ndikasintha gawoli, ndidzasankha ndikuliyika pini yomwe ikugwirizana ndi gawolo, kotero kuti kudziwa komwe mungayike oscilloscope probe yanu ndikosavuta monga kuyang'ana chizindikiro cha schematic.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma circuit board, pali zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala zokongola kapena zothandiza. Chizindikiro cha pin 1 chiyenera kukhala chofala kwambiri m'maphukusi angapo, ndipo nthawi zonse ndimakonda malo osavuta olumikizira oscilloscope ground kapena VOM lead. Ndikhoza kuwonjezera izi powonjezera cholumikizira cha ma pin awiri kuti mphamvu ndi nthaka zigwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji pa bolodi m'malo momangiriridwa ku ma pin apansi.
Ndisanasinthe bolodi la ma circuit, ndikufuna kuwonetsetsa kuti likugwira ntchito bwino pamavuto akuthupi komanso kukongola. Nditatsegula ndikutsimikizira kuti oscillator ikugwira ntchito bwino, ndinayika pulogalamuyo. Ngakhale kuti mtundu wa 3.3v ndi watsopano kuposa pulogalamu ya mapulogalamu, idazindikira CPLD ndikuyiwonetsa ngati chipangizo "chosadziwika".
Kenako, ndinapanga kauntala mu Quartus ndipo ndinapereka manambala a pin. Kusonkhanitsa ndi kutsitsa mwachangu komanso ntchito ya kauntala yomwe imawonedwa ndi oscilloscope imatsimikizira kuti kapangidwe kake ndi kotheka.
Dongosolo loyesera mwachangu mu Verilog ndi losavuta kwambiri. Khodi ili pansipa. Mutha kutsitsa fayilo ya ZIP yokhala ndi dongosolo loyesera la schematic ndi Verilog ngati pulojekiti ya Quartus II (imafuna mtundu 9.1).
Monga ndanenera, ndipanga kusintha kwachiwiri kwa bolodi la circuit kuti ndiganizire kwambiri tsatanetsatane wofunikira pogawana kapangidwe kake kapena kuchita zinthu zingapo zothetsa mavuto. Popeza ndikufunika kuyika m'lifupi mwa cholumikizira cha pansi pa mainchesi 0.9 kapena kuchepera, nditha kupitiliza kuyika pa mainchesi 0.6, chomwe ndi phukusi la DIP "lalikulu". Kuchita izi kumatanthauza kulola mapini apansi kutuluka kuchokera ku CPLD socket footprint. Sindingachite izi ngati zinthu zikuyenda bwino chifukwa nthawi imeneyo zinkasonkhanitsidwa ndi manja, koma cholinga chimodzi chinali kupanga zida zosonkhanitsira ndi manja. Chogwirizana ndi zosonkhanitsira ndi manja ndichakuti oscillator imayenera kukhala mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu ya SMD, mtundu wa through-hole ndi waukulu kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri sugwirizana ndi voltage yomwe ndikufuna.
Kodi n'zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito ma module awa popanga kompyuta yosavuta? Ndikuganiza kuti ndikufunika kuwonjezera kukumbukira.
Lol...inde, zimatengera mtundu wa kompyuta. Komabe, ma microcontroller/ma microcomputer "enieni" amakhudzidwa ndi "pin bonding" ya module, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti simungathe kupeza mawu okwanira kuchokera mu module kuti muchite chilichonse chothandiza kwambiri.
Ndinapanga chowongolera chathunthu cha kamera ya NTSC chokhala ndi nthawi ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi kukula kwa 64, kotero palibe purosesa yofunikira.
Structural Verilog ndi HDL zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito m'buku la Nand to Tetris ndizofanana kwambiri.
N’chifukwa chiyani zida zodutsa m’mabowo? Kuwotcherera 0805 n’kosavuta! Ino ndi nthawi yoti katswiri aliyense aphunzire luso limeneli.
Ngati ndipanga soketi yapamwamba kuti igwirizane ndi mapini ogulitsidwa kuchokera pansi, ndiye kuti nditha kugwiritsa ntchito "malo 6 (kutsanzira chip ya mapini 40) kapena yopingasa, ndi zina zotero. Izi zidzakhala zida zosokera pamanja zokha zosokera pansi. Soketi yapamwamba kumbuyo kwa mapazi.
Koma zimakhala zovuta kwa oyamba kumene kuisungunula kuchokera pansi. Ndikayika ma header a PCB ya breadboard (ma adapter board otsika mtengo awa a SMD omwe mungagwiritse ntchito pa eBay angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ma prototyping), ndimayika ma header mu breadboard, kenako ndimayika PCB pamenepo, kenako ndimatha kuisungunula mosavuta. Ndi yoyenera kwambiri ma breadboard. Ngati mukufuna kuisungunula kuchokera pansi, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.
Ngati CPLD ili pakati (ingakhale yosavuta kuyiyika), ikhoza kuyikidwa mopingasa popanda kuphimbana, pali mizere inayi, kapena CPLD ikhoza kukhala mbali imodzi:
Zikomo chifukwa cha malangizo anu oti muike cholumikizira mu bolodi la mkate musanachisoke. Changa sichikukhazikika bwino.
Nanga bwanji ma pini a bolodi la mkate la DIP kumapeto kwina ndi mtundu wa "dongle" wa soketi ya chip kumbali ina? Chip ikhoza kupachikidwa kumapeto kwa bolodi la mkate. Njira yoyendetsera zinthu idzakhala yolimba.
|###### ********************* |. Inde, ndasankha kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa "waulere" wa Altera, monga momwe Xilinx ndi Lattice alili ndi mitundu "yaulere". Ndikufunika kuthetsa vutoli ndi Al Williams kuti ndimvetse zomwe chithandizo chonse chotseguka chimathandizira, zomwe ziyenera kuphatikizapo mawonekedwe enieni a mndandanda wa zida. Komabe, ndachita zambiri ndi mtundu waulere.
Inde, mukuwonetsa kuti CPLD imalumikizana ndi mapini, ndikukhulupirira. Ngati nditsatira bwino, izi zitha kuwoneka ngati rev 2. Popanga kupanga (kwambiri), nthawi zonse ndimakhala ndi vuto la "kusonkhana kwa solder ndi dzanja" chifukwa zimalumikizana (kwenikweni mapini a solder omwe ali mbali yosakhala ya gawo). ) Ndi gawo logulitsidwa kale ndi dzanja) koma iyi ndi kit yaying'ono chabe, osati kapangidwe koganizira kupanga. Ndili ndi zizolowezi zina zomwe ndizovuta kuzichotsa pazaka zanga. 
Ndikuganiza kuti bolodi lozungulira looneka ngati T lokhala ndi CPLD ndi zigawo zosasunthika zokhala ndi gawo lalikulu looneka ngati T lidzakhala lothandiza kwambiri likapachikidwa m'mphepete mwa bolodi lozungulira. Chinthu chofanana ndi Adafruit RasPi T-Cobbler (http://www.adafruit.com/products/2028). Izi zipangitsa kuti malo ambiri ozungulira bolodi apezeke.
Mwatsoka, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kudzachepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'mapulojekiti ena, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi majenereta onse ogwiritsira ntchito XR2206 ndi ICL8038.
Lingaliro losangalatsa. Ndimakonda ma chip awiriwa. CPLD si yakale, ndi njira yotsika mtengo yogulira pa 3.3v.
Ponena za "zopanda pake" zanu... simunapange dongosolo latsopano loti muyike pa bolodi la mkate. Ingoyikani waya pa bolodi la mkate kaye, kenako ikani cpld pa waya. Kapena, ngati mungathe kukoka zingwe zamagetsi ndi zopukutira kuchokera pa imodzi mwa izo, gwiritsani ntchito ma bolodi awiri a mkate.
Za Altium ndi Eagle. Kodi mwaganizapo za KiCad? Ilibe zoletsa zilizonse zoti mumakonda Altium kuposa Eagle, ndipo mwachisawawa imapanga zolakwika za DRC pamapini onse osalumikizidwa. Ngati mukufunadi kutsegula pini, muyenera kuidziwa. (Mwina kungoyika, osati kutulutsa, ndipo sinayang'aniridwebe). Chinthu china chabwino ndichakuti ndi chosavuta kuphunzira. Zinatenga masana amodzi okha, ndipo buku labwino kwambiri loyambira linandithandiza kuyamba.
Ndimakonda smd (gawo lalikulu) pamwamba pa dzenje lodutsa. Ndiosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Simuyenera kutembenuza pcb nthawi zonse. (Zolakwika zina zopusa zidachitika chifukwa chowonera pagalasi...). Ndipo simuyenera kudula lead ya resistor. Mukagawana kapangidwe, mapaketi angapo amatha kuyikidwa mosavuta pa PCB kapena gawo limodzi. SMD resistor TH. (Zimapangitsa kapangidwe kake kukhala kovuta pang'ono).
Ndinagwiritsa ntchito "KiCad Getting Starting" mu mtundu wa pdf. Mtundu wakale womwe ndidagwiritsa ntchito ndi masamba 29, ndipo mtundu waposachedwa uli ndi masamba 52. Mutha kuupeza mu maphunziro ena (kuphatikiza maulalo a kanema): http://kicad-pcb.org/help/tutorials/
Ndikudziwa kuti [Chris Gemmell] wochokera ku Hackaday ndi The Amp Hour adapanga mndandanda pa Kicad http://kicad-pcb.org/help/tutorials/
Kicad ikhoza kukhala yothandiza, ndiloleni ndione zomwe zikuchitika mu Rev 2. Zikomo chifukwa cha malingaliro anu. Ma inputs osalumikizidwa ndi abwino ku DRC (ERC), ndipo pa zolumikizira ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimawasunga ofewa kapena IO, mauthenga ambiri oletsa kulumikizana kwa CAD nthawi zambiri amatha kupewedwa.
Yesani mayeso mwachangu ndikuponya cholumikiziracho patebulo lopanda kanthu, yendetsani ma annotations ndi DRC. Zinandipatsa zolakwika za drc pa pini iliyonse. Komabe, kulemba ma pini odziwika osalumikizidwa ndikosavuta.
Yakhazikitsidwa ku passive. Ndiyenera kusaka (Sinthani Chigawo -> Sinthani ndi Mkonzi wa Laibulale. Mkonzi wa laibulale amatsegula ndikuyika gawo lanu pawindo lina, mutha kuwona kapena kusintha gawo lililonse la gawo. Gawo losinthidwa likhoza kusungidwa kapena kusinthidwa mu schematic Yanu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusintha zigawo. Sindikusamala kwambiri za laibulale. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mugwiritsa ntchito cpld, mukufuna kupatsa ma pin mayina ofunikira. Chofunika kwambiri, pali mawonekedwe abwino opangira zigawo zanu.
Mu ERC ya KiCad, ma pin "osalumikizidwa" ndi mtundu wosiyana wa pin ndi "ma pin osalumikizidwa", ndipo ma pin onse "osalumikizidwa" amapanga zolakwika. Momwe ERC imagwirira ntchito imatha kusinthidwa mosavuta kuti igwirizane ndi zomwe mumakonda: Zida -> Chowunika Malamulo Amagetsi -> Zosankha.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-18-2021