Igikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga gikoreshwa mu gusesengura (CPLD) ni igikoresho cy’ingenzi mu bikoresho byawe. Nk’uko izina ribigaragaza, ushobora gusesengura izi chips kugira ngo utange imikorere ya logic ukeneye. Ibi bishobora kuba ari ugusimbura chips zishaje, cyangwa uburyo bwo kwiga no kugerageza ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye. Ni ubuhe buryo bwiza bwo kwiga buruta gukoresha CPLD no kuyigerageza?
Nakoze module ya CPLD kugira ngo mbashe kuyishyira mu bintu byinshi, harimo n'amabati adafite solder, ariko narayahinduye. Bisa nkaho umwanya wo gushyiramo plug-in kuri plaque idafite solder ni santimetero 1.1. Nakoze footprint ifite ubugari bwa santimetero 1, nta mwanya nsize wo gushyiramo insinga ku mpande zombi. Uh.
Ariko reka nsubire inyuma ngaragaze byinshi ku byo nkora, ndashaka gukora logic ishobora gukorwa nk'ibikoresho, ishobora gushongeshwa byoroshye mu rugo, ishobora gutegurwa muri circuit, kandi ishobora gukora kuri volts 3.3 cyangwa 5.
Kugira ngo mbone uburyo bworoshye bwo gusora, nakoresheje igice cya CPLD cya kera, kiboneka no muri verisiyo za 3.3v na 5v, kandi kizagumana porogaramu yacyo hatitawe ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Logike ubwayo ni CPLD IC yo muri serivise ya Altera Max, iboneka mu buryo bubiri, ikwiriye amabaruwa y'uruziga afite macrocells 32 cyangwa 64. Macrocells ni ingenzi mu kubaka logic zishyirwaho porogaramu hakoreshejwe "amagambo" y'ubwenge hanyuma zigahuzwa n'izindi macrocells binyuze mu miyoboro ishobora gusorwa.
Urebye igishushanyo mbonera, urabona ko nta bintu byinshi kirimo: muri rusange CPLD, circuit ya porogaramu iri mu ruziga hamwe na oscillator iyobora logique ya CPLD.
Iki gice cyitwa EPM7032 na EPM7064, hakoreshejwe icyuma gitwara ibyuma bya pulasitiki gifite imigozi 44 (PLCC), rimwe na rimwe cyitwa J lead bitewe n'imiterere ya J y'icyuma gitwara ibyuma. Iki gipfunyika gishobora gushyirwa mu mwobo unyuramo cyangwa kigashyirwa kuri PCB.
Irimo oscillator iri mu bwato, bityo CPLD ishobora gukora ibikorwa mu buryo buhamye no gukora counters zihuse ubwayo nta saha yo hanze ikenewe. Niba isaha yo hanze ihari, isaha yihuta cyane kuri module ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora isaha kuri buri nkombe izamuka cyangwa igwa y'isaha yo hanze, kandi igakomeza gukurikiza amabwiriza ya CPLD / FPGA, ni ukuvuga ko ugomba gukoresha umuyoboro w'isaha y'imbere aho gukoresha "Asynchronous" iyobora isaha. Voltage y'amashanyarazi y'iyi oscillator iri hagati ya volts 1.8 na 5.5.
Nureba videwo, uzabona ko nganira ku byo nkunda ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo gukoresha agapira ka "INH" kuri oscillator; mu magambo make, nyuma yo gusuzuma ko urupapuro rw'ibipimo byemewe n'amategeko, nkunda kureka kakagenda.
Mu gihe nakoraga ibijyanye n'imikorere nk'iyo, impamvu zantangaje zirimo kwanga guhuza imigozi y'amashanyarazi ku buryo butaziguye (niba bishoboka). Ni ukuvuga ko nkunda gukoresha resistor z'uruhererekane kugira ngo ngire umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi mu gihe cy'impinduka, nubwo bitagombye kuba ngombwa.
Mu myaka yashize, nabonye ibibazo bimwe na bimwe mu musaruro (amatsinda manini), kandi rimwe na rimwe ibintu nko guhinduranya ingufu byatumaga pin zihujwe na power rail zigira voltage iri hejuru kurusha chip ubwayo, ibyo bikaba bibi. Amaherezo, huza pin na power rail ukoresheje resistor (yaba power cyangwa ground), maze abantu bagahindura ibitekerezo byabo bagakoresha pin nyuma. Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane mu bunararibonye bwanjye ku nzugi zitakoreshejwe, ushobora kuba uzi ko izi nzugi zitagomba gusigara zireremba cyangwa zidahujwe. Ukoresheje resistor yo gukurura, ushobora guhuza ikimenyetso no gukoresha irembo udaciyemo uduce tw'umuringa.
Umuhuza w'amapine 10 hamwe n'udupira duke tugize uruziga rwa porogaramu. Niba udupira twose ari udupira two gukurura, nakoresha umuyoboro wa resistor, ariko ikibabaje ni uko umwe uba uhagaze.
Kugira ngo porogaramu ya CPLD yigenga ikoreshwe, hakenewe porogaramu yihariye. Ibi biroroshye kuri njye kubivuga, kuko akenshi mba mfite nke iruhande rwanjye, ariko niba udafite, ntabwo bizakubabaza cyane kwinjira muri uyu mukino. "Altera USB Blaster" yemewe igurishwa $50 kandi irashobora kugurwa muri Digikey n'ahandi. Mfite clones nyinshi zivuye kuri Ebay, imwe muri zo ikaba ari clone ishyigikira Altera, Xilinx na Lattice icyarimwe. Hari umushinga na kode kuri interineti bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora clone yawe bwite, nzabishyira ku rutonde rwanjye rw'amashusho ashoboka y'umushinga wo gukora clones za programmer. Nzerekana kandi igishushanyo cy'ingabo aho motherboard, Arduino, PIC, nibindi bishobora gushyirwaho porogaramu.
Porogaramu ikenewe kugira ngo CPLD ikusanyirizwe kandi ikorwe kuri porogaramu iboneka ku buntu muri Altera, ariko iki gice cya kera gisaba verisiyo ishaje ya 9.1. Inkuru nziza ni uko ari yo verisiyo ishaje nkunda cyane. Yari ifite uburyo bwo gusesengura igihe, ariko yakuweho mu yindi verisiyo yakurikiyeho.
PCB ni igishushanyo cyoroshye gifite impande ebyiri, igihe cyose urubuga rwa circuit ruyikwiriye, nkunda gukoresha umuringa mu gusimbuza ubutaka ndetse rimwe na rimwe ntanga amashanyarazi. Hari igihe gusuka biba byangiritse cyane ku buryo bishobora guteza ibibazo cyangwa ingaruka mbi, bityo gusuka umuringa ni igikoresho, ariko bigomba gucungwa.
Muri iki gihe, porogaramu nyinshi za CAD (niba atari nyinshi) zirimo amashusho ya 3D y'umusaruro wa nyuma, nubwo ubuhanga bw'amashusho ari bwo bungana gusa n'uburyo bwa 3D bwakoreshejwe mu kwerekana ibice. Aha urabona aho nahisemo 3D model kuri socket ya 44-pin, connector ya programming, na oscillator. Dore zimwe muri paki za 3D nkunda gukoresha:
Amasosiyete menshi afite kandi moderi za 3D z'ibice byayo. Molex ni urugero rumwe gusa rw'isosiyete yakoze akazi keza muri uru rwego.
Ikosa nakoze ntirigira ingaruka ku mikorere nk'ubwiza, kandi si cyo kibazo nyamukuru, ni ukuvuga ko ridakwiriye ku rubaho rumwe rudafite solder.
Namaze gutekereza ko nshobora gusangiza igishushanyo n'undi wese, nahise numva ntanyuzwe n'ibimenyetso bya CPLD n'uburyo pinout y'umuhuza wa 40-pin, ari nabyo bipimo rusange byayo. Nafashe ikimenyetso cy'umuhuza wa pin 40-double-rows composition maze ndagihindura ku gipimo cya santimetero 1, ariko imibare ya pin si 1, 2, 3, 4... ahubwo ni 1 ku ruhande nk'ipaki ya DIP 3, 5, 7... nk'imiyoboro ya riboni. Kubwibyo, ni footprint idasobanutse yo kumenya uburyo bwo guhuza na module no gukemura ibibazo.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, imirimo yo gushyiramo pin ya CPLD iragoye gato, kandi nakoresheje ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byishingikiriza ku rurimi rwo gusobanura imipaka (BSDL) kugira ngo bakore ibimenyetso. Abacuruzi benshi bakomeye bafite dosiye za BSDL ziboneka ku bice byabo bisanzwe, bikwemerera gukora ibimenyetso na paki mu buryo bwikora. Kimwe n'ubundi buryo bwose bwo gukora, igomba gufatwa nk'igikoresho kandi ishobora gusaba massage yongerewe kugira ngo ubone umusaruro mwiza. Muri iki gihe, ndayireka ikandika pin mu buryo bw'inyuguti, hafi ya zose iyo ukurikirana pin ku kibaho. Navuga gusa ko nari mfite impungenge cyane uwo munsi.
Uzishyura izi nzira z'ubusamo mu gihe runaka uri mu muhanda. Iyo ngiye guhindura iyi module, nzagena kandi nyihe aho ipfundo rihurira n'igice ubwacyo, kugira ngo kumenya aho ushyira oscilloscope probe yawe byoroshye nko kureba ikimenyetso cy'igishushanyo.
Mu gihe ukoresha uruziga rw'amashanyarazi, hari izindi ntambwe zirushaho kuba nziza cyangwa zifite akamaro. Ikimenyetso cya pin 1 kigomba kuba gisanzwe mu mapaki menshi, kandi buri gihe nkunda ahantu horoshye ho guhuza oscilloscope ground cyangwa VOM lead. Nakongeraho ibi nkongeraho connector ifite pin ebyiri kugira ngo ingufu n'ubutaka bishobore gushyirwa ku kibaho aho gufatirwa ku mpande zo hasi.
Mbere yo guhindura urubuga rwa circuit, ndashaka kwemeza ko rukora neza mu bibazo by’imiterere n’ubwiza. Nyuma yo gukoresha no kwemeza ko oscillator ikora neza, nashyizemo porogaramu. Nubwo verisiyo ya 3.3v ari nshya kurusha porogaramu ya porogaramu, yamenye CPLD maze igaragara nk'igikoresho "kitazwi".
Hanyuma, nakoze icyuma gipima Quartus maze mpa nimero za pin. Gukusanya no gukuramo vuba hamwe n'imikorere ya counter ibonwa na oscilloscope byemeza ko igishushanyo mbonera gishoboka.
Uburyo bwo gupima vuba muri Verilog bworoshye cyane. Kode iragaragara hano hepfo. Ushobora gukuramo dosiye ya ZIP irimo igishushanyo mbonera n'uburyo bwo gupima bwa Verilog nk'umushinga wa Quartus II (usaba verisiyo ya 9.1).
Nkuko nabivuze, nzakora ivugurura rya kabiri rya circuit board kugira ngo nite cyane ku bisobanuro bikenewe mu gihe nsangira igishushanyo cyangwa nkora uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gukemura ibibazo. Kubera ko ngomba gushyiraho ubugari bw'umuhuza wo hasi kuri santimetero 0.9 cyangwa munsi yayo, nshobora gukomeza kuyishyiraho kuri santimetero 0.6, ari na paki ya DIP isanzwe "yagutse". Kubikora bivuze kureka imigozi yo hasi igasohoka mu gice cya CPLD. Sinabikora mu gihe cyo gukora kuko icyo gihe yari yateranijwe n'intoki, ariko imwe mu ntego kwari ugukora ibikoresho byo gusogongera intoki. Impuzandengo yo gusogongera intoki ni uko oscillator igomba kuba iri mu nzu ya SMD surface mount, verisiyo ya through-hole ni nini cyane kandi akenshi ntishyigikira voltage range nshaka.
Ese birashoboka gukoresha izi modules kugira ngo wubake mudasobwa yoroshye yuzuye? Ndatekereza ko ngomba kongeramo memory.
Lol...yego, biterwa n'ubwoko bwa mudasobwa. Ariko, "microcontrollers" nyazo/microcomputers zigira ingaruka ku "guhuza pin" kwa module, bivuze ko udashobora kubona amagambo ahagije muri module ku buryo wakora ikintu cyose cy'ingirakamaro.
Nakoze icyuma cyuzuye cya kamera ya NTSC gipima igihe n'uburyo ifite ingano ya 64, bityo nta poroseseri ikenewe.
Structural Verilog na HDL byakoreshejwe mu gitabo Nand to Tetris ni bimwe cyane.
Kuki ibice binyura mu mwobo? Gusudira 0805 biroroshye! Iki ni cyo gihe cya buri mukinnyi wese kwiga ubu buhanga.
Iyo nkoze soketi yo hejuru ifatanye n'amapine yasonewe uhereye hasi, nshobora gukoresha "centers 6 (simulating a chip ya pin 40) cyangwa diagonal, nibindi. Ibi bizaba ari ibikoresho byo gusonerwa intoki gusa byo gusonerwa amapine yo hasi. Soketi yo hejuru inyuma y'ibirenge.
Ariko biragoye ku batangira kuyisoda uhereye hasi. Iyo nsudira imitwe ya PCB y'umugati (izi daptateri za SMD zihendutse ushobora gukoresha kuri eBay zishobora gukoreshwa mu gushushanya), nshyiramo imitwe muri uwo mugati, hanyuma ngashyiramo PCB, hanyuma ngashobora kuyisoda byoroshye. Ikwiriye cyane imigati. Niba ukeneye kuyisoda uhereye hasi, biragoye kurushaho.
Niba CPLD iri hagati (bishobora koroha kuyishyiramo insinga), ishobora gushyirwaho mu buryo butambitse nta guhurirana, hari imirongo ine, cyangwa CPLD ishobora kuba ku ruhande rumwe:
Urakoze ku nama yo gushyiramo umuyoboro mu rubaho mbere yo kuwushyiramo. Iyanjye ntabwo ihamye neza.
Bite se ku birebana n'udupira tw'umugati wa DIP ku mpera imwe n'ubwoko bwa "dongle" bw'agasanduku ka chip ubwako ku rundi ruhande? Agapira gashobora kumanikwa ku mpera y'agapira. Uburyo bwo kunyuramo buzaba buto.
|###### ********************* |. Yego, nahisemo gukoresha verisiyo ya Altera "y'ubuntu", nk'uko Xilinx na Lattice bafite verisiyo "y'ubuntu". Ngomba kurangiza gahunda na Al Williams kugira ngo ndumve icyo inkunga yose ifunguye ishyigikira, igomba kuba irimo imiterere yihariye y'uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho. Nubwo bimeze bityo, nakoze byinshi kuri verisiyo y'ubuntu.
Yego, urimo kwerekana ko CPLD ihurirana n'udupira ntekereza. Iyo mbikurikije neza, ibi bishobora kumera nk'ibyavumbuwe ku ipaji ya 2. Mu gihe nshushanya uburyo bwo gukora (bwinshi), buri gihe mba mfite ubwivumbure ku ntambwe ya "guteranya intoki" kuko bihurirana (mu by'ukuri udupira duto ku ruhande rutari urw'ibice).) Ni igice gisanzwe gifatanye n'intoki) ariko iki ni agakoresho gato gusa, ntabwo ari igishushanyo mbonera gishingiye ku musaruro. Mfite ingeso zimwe na zimwe zigoye kureka mu myaka yanjye. 
Ndatekereza ko urubuga rwa T rufite CPLD n'ibice bitagira aho bihurira bifite igice kinini gifite imiterere ya T bizaba ingirakamaro cyane iyo bimanitswe ku nkengero z'urubaho rw'imigati. Ikintu gisa na Adafruit RasPi T-Cobbler (http://www.adafruit.com/products/2028). Ibi bizatuma igice kinini cy'urubaho rw'imigati kiboneka.
Ikibabaje ni uko guhagarika bizagabanya cyane ikoreshwa ryayo mu mishinga yo ku ruhande, kimwe n'izindi mashini zose zikora zishingiye kuri XR2206 na ICL8038.
Igitekerezo gishimishije. Nkunda izi chips ebyiri. CPLD ntabwo ishaje, ni uburyo buhendutse bwo kuyigura kuri 3.3v.
Ku bijyanye n'"ubuswa" bwawe ... ntabwo wakoze imiterere mishya yo kubushyira ku kibaho cy'umugati. Shyira insinga ku kibaho cy'umugati mbere, hanyuma ushyireho cpld ku mugozi. Cyangwa, niba ushobora gukuramo amashanyarazi n'udupira two hasi kuri kimwe muri byo, koresha utubaho tw'umugati 2.
Ku bijyanye na Altium na Eagle. Ese wigeze utekereza kuri KiCad? Nta mbogamizi ifite zo kuba ukunda Altium kuruta Eagle, kandi mu buryo busanzwe ikora amakosa ya DRC kuri pini zose zidafite aho zihuriye. Niba ushaka gufungura pini koko, ugomba kubivuga. (Wenda ni iyo kwinjira gusa, ntabwo ari iyo gusohora, kandi ntabwo iragenzurwa). Ikindi kintu cyiza ni uko byoroshye cyane kubyiga. Byatwaye igicamunsi kimwe gusa, kandi igitabo cyiza cy'intangiriro cyarampaye imbaraga zo gutangira.
Nkunda igice kinini (smd) kiri hejuru y'umwobo unyuramo. Biroroshye gukoresha. Ntabwo ari ngombwa ko uhora uzunguruka pcb. (Hari amakosa y'ubupfapfa yakozwe kubera kwiyerekana mu buryo bw'indorerwamo...). Kandi ntabwo ari ngombwa ko ugabanya urwego rwa resistor. Mu gusangira igishushanyo, paki nyinshi zishobora gushyirwa ku buryo bworoshye kuri PCB cyangwa igice kimwe. Resistor ya SMD TH. (Ituma imiterere irushaho kugorana).
Nakoresheje "KiCad Getting Starting" mu buryo bwa pdf. Verisiyo ya kera nakoresheje ifite amapaji 29, kandi verisiyo iheruka ifite amapaji 52. Ushobora kuyisanga mu zindi nyigisho (harimo n'amashusho): http://kicad-pcb.org/help/tutorials/
Nzi ko [Chris Gemmell] wo muri Hackaday na The Amp Hour bakoze urukurikirane kuri Kicad http://kicad-pcb.org/help/tutorials/
Kicad ishobora kuba ingirakamaro, reka ndebe uko bizagenda muri Rev 2. Urakoze ku bitekerezo byawe. Ibyuma bitahujwe ni byiza kuri DRC (ERC), kandi ku bihuza n'ibindi bintu bituma byoroha cyangwa IO, ubutumwa bwinshi bwa CAD bwo guta umurongo bushobora kwirindwa.
Kora ikizamini cyihuse hanyuma ujugunye connector mu mbonerahamwe irimo ubusa, koresha annotations na DRC. Byampaye amakosa ya drc kuri buri pin. Ariko, gushyira ibimenyetso ku pin zitarimo guhuza biroroshye cyane.
Shyira kuri passive. Ngomba gushakisha (Guhindura Component -> Guhindura ukoresheje Library Editor. Ububiko bw'ibitabo burafungura kandi bugashyiramo ibice byawe mu idirishya ritandukanye, ushobora kugenzura cyangwa guhindura igice icyo ari cyo cyose cy'ibice. Igice cyahinduwe gishobora kubikwa cyangwa kuvugururwa muri Your schematic. Ibi bituma byoroha cyane guhindura ibice. Sinitaye cyane kuri Library. Urugero, niba ukoresha cpld, ushaka guha amazina afite icyo avuze kuri pin. Ikirenzeho, hari uburyo bwiza bwo gushushanya ibice byawe.
Muri ERC ya KiCad, "pins zidafite aho zihuriye" ni ubwoko butandukanye bwa pin n' "pins zidafite aho zihuriye", kandi "pins zidafite aho zihuriye" zose zizatera amakosa. Uburyo ERC ikora bushobora guhindurwa byoroshye hakurikijwe ibyo ukunda: Ibikoresho -> Igenzura ry'amategeko y'amashanyarazi -> Amahitamo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-18-2021