1. Takaitaccen Bayani: Ɓoyayyen Kuɗin da Lalacewar Haɗi ke Ciki
Ga masu gina kwamitocin sarrafawa na masana'antu, masu haɗa tsarin sarrafa kansa, da hanyoyin sadarwa na rarraba wutar lantarki, shakatawa na ƙarfin juyi na ƙarshe na sukurori Ba wai kawai batun kulawa na yau da kullun ba ne—muhimmin abin da ke haifar da gazawar tsarin sarrafawa. Wannan lamari shine babban abin da ke haifar da dakatarwar aiki ba tare da shiri ba, lambobin kuskuren PLC, da kuma haɗarin ketare da'irori na aminci. Ingancin haɗin lantarki ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan ƙarfin matsewa mai dorewa tsawon rayuwar kayan aikin.
Sake kwantar da hankali a cikin tubalan ƙarshen keji na sama yawanci yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙarfin matsewa ya faɗi da fiye da 20% daga farkon masana'anta. 0.8–1.2 N·m ƙayyadaddun bayanaiIdan wannan lalacewar injina ta faru, yana haifar da kutsewar na'urar jagoranci. Sakamakon haka, juriyar hulɗa tana ƙaruwa sosai daga 10 mΩ mai haɗari. Wannan juriyar tana haifar da dumama na gida (asarar I²R) wanda ke ɗaga zafin ƙarshe cikin sauri fiye da 105°C, yana lalata rufin da ke kewaye da shi sosai.
Toshe ɗaya mai zafi a cibiyar sarrafa motoci mai ƙarfin 480 V zai iya haifar da mummunan matsala ta baka, yana lalata sassan da ke kusa da shi da kuma haifar da fashewar NFPA 70E arc-flash tare da kuzarin da ya wuce 8 cal/cm². Don rage waɗannan haɗarin, aiwatar da tsarin duba ingancin lantarki mai tsauri yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Wannan tsarin ya magance matsalolin matsewa, kayan aiki, da kuma ma'aunin sarrafa zafi waɗanda ke raba tubalan ƙarshe na masana'antu daga mahaɗin kayayyaki na matakin mabukaci.
A matsayin babban kamfani wanda aka ba da takardar shaida a ƙarƙashin ISO 9001: 2008, namu Shafin Farko na Kamfanin (ISO9001:2008, SGS, UL, 2010) Binciken ya bayyana jajircewarmu ga waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu tsauri. Binciken ya kimanta ginshiƙai uku masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke tantance ko masana'anta ta cancanci zama mai samar da kayayyaki na matakin masana'antu:
- Tsarin Rufewa da Daidaita Karfin Mannewa: Tushen injiniyanci da injiniyanci na haɗin haɗin gwiwa marasa juriya.
- Taurin Kayan Aiki da Mai Gudanarwa Juriya ga Rarrafe: Sigar ƙarfe da ke hana ruɓewar ƙarfi ta hanyar mannewa akan lokaci.
- Dorewa da Tsarin Zafin Zafi na Zafin Jiki: Sigar zafi tana hana matsalar baka a ƙarƙashin nauyin lantarki mai nauyi.
2. Injiniyan Fasaha Mai Zurfi da Kayayyaki
2.1 Riƙewa da Daidaito a Ƙarfin Mannewa
Tubalan ƙarshen keji masu tasowa, kamar waɗanda aka nuna a cikin cikakken tsarinmu Layin Samfurin Toshewar Tashar (Sukuri / Ba tare da Sukuri ba / Mai iya haɗawa / Rail na DIN), yi amfani da keji mai sarrafa sukurori (yawanci tagulla, C36000, H58) wanda ke ɗaure mai jagoran a kan sandar wutar lantarki mai rufi da tin. Rage ƙarfin juyi tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ke faruwa a ƙarƙashin manyan yanayi uku:
- Gogewar da ke haifar da iskar oxygen: Ma'aunin gogayya tsakanin zaren sukurori yana ƙaruwa saboda micro-oxidation akan lokaci (μ > 0.25 idan aka kwatanta da 0.15 na farko), ma'ana ƙarfin juyi da aka yi amfani da shi ba ya sake fassara zuwa ƙarfin matsewa.
- Mai Gudanar da Gudarwa Mai Dorewa: Masu jagoranci suna lalacewa ta jiki yayin da suke riƙe da matsin lamba mai ɗorewa. Misali, masu jagoranci na aluminum na iya zamewa 0.1 mm/shekara a matsin lamba 20 N/mm².
- Bambancin Faɗaɗawar Zafi: Zagayen zafi na yau da kullun (canzawa daga 20°C zuwa 60°C a cikin allunan masana'antu da aka rufe) yana haifar da bambancin faɗaɗa tsakanin tagulla (α = 19×10⁻⁶ /°C) da jan ƙarfe (α = 17×10⁻⁶ /°C), yana mai da hankali kan mayar da sukurori.
Don magance wannan, tubalan tashar mu masu inganci suna amfani da su Sukurorin ƙarfe da aka yi da nickel (M3, HRS, ƙarfin juyi 0.8–1.2 N·m) An haɗa su da na'urorin wanki na musamman (DIN 6798, kauri 0.5 mm). Waɗannan na'urorin wanki suna cizon saman mai jagoranci, suna aiki a matsayin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ƙarfi wanda ke riƙe da ƙarfin matsewa ≥ 80% na ƙimar farko koda bayan zagayowar zafi mai tsanani 1,000 (−40°C zuwa +105°C). Saboda haka, juriyar hulɗa ana riƙe ta sosai a
- Nemi gwajin riƙe ƙarfin juyi (zagayen zafi 1,000, −40°C zuwa +105°C, ƙarfin matsewa ≥ 80% na farko).
- Tabbatar da juriyar hulɗa (
- Tabbatar da kayan sukurori da kuma faranti (HRS, an yi wa nickel fenti ≥ 3 μm, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar XRF).
- Tabbatar da ƙayyadaddun kayan wanki na serrated (DIN 6798, 0.5 mm, ƙarfe mai kauri 65Mn, HRC 40–45).
2.2 Taurin Kayan Keke Mai Tashi & Juriya Mai Rarrafe
Tsarin ƙarfe na keji mai tasowa shine gwarzon da ba a gani ba na tsawon rai na lantarki. Keken (a al'adance C36000 tagulla, taurin as-cast HV 80–100) dole ne ya tsayayya da mummunan lalacewar jiki a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba fiye da 100 MPa. Lokacin da masana'antun suka rage farashi ta amfani da keji mai laushi (HV
A matsayin babbar ƙungiya a tsakanin Masu kera da masu samar da tubalan tashar jiragen ruwa ta China | J-GUANG, hanyar injiniyancinmu ta tilasta amfani da ƙarfe mai tagulla (C37700, HV 110–130)Ta hanyar taurare aiki daga ƙirƙirar sanyi (cimma raguwar tsarin 15%), kayan aikinmu suna samun riƙewar ƙarfin matsewa na ≥ 90% bayan zagayowar ƙarfin juyi mai ƙarfi 500. Bugu da ƙari, sandar da ke aiki a yanzu tana amfani da jan ƙarfe mai rufi da tin (C11000, 2 μm Sn) wanda ya cika ƙa'idodin soldering mai tsauri a kowace IPC/J-STD-002, wanda aka ƙara masa wani abu mai kama da azurfa (0.1 μm Ag) don samar da cikakken juriya ga sulfide a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
Yarjejeniyar Binciken Kayan Keke
- Nemi bayanai game da taurin keji (HV 110–130, sikelin Vickers, samfurin rukuni na 5%).
- Tabbatar riƙe ƙarfin matsewa (zagayen karfin juyi 500, ≥ 90% na ƙarfin farko, ta amfani da kayan gwaji na atomatik).
- Tabbatar da kauri na farantin sandar da ke aiki a yanzu (Sn ≥ 2 μm, Ag 0.1 μm, gwajin XRF, samfurin 5%.
- Tabbatar da ƙarfin soldering (IPC/J-STD-002, Kashi na 3, ba tare da tabbatar da cewa babu ruwan shara).
Haɗin PCB & Haɗin kai
Tabbatar da taurin kayan ya wuce tubalan ƙarshe. Don haɗakar matakin allo mai faɗi, mu Layin Samfurin Masu Haɗawa (Layin Pin / Layin Mata / IDC / PCB) yana bin ƙa'idodin ƙarfe masu layi ɗaya, yana tabbatar da cewa bayanai masu yawa da watsa wutar lantarki suna da ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba iri ɗaya na inji da zafi.
2.3 Dorewa da Tsarin Zafin Zafi na Zafin Jiki
Aikin lantarki yana da inganci kamar yadda rufin da ke kewaye da shi yake. Rufin toshewar ƙarshen dole ne ya jure yanayin zafi mai ɗorewa ba tare da fuskantar ƙananan fasawa ko bin diddigin lantarki ba. Ma'aunin masana'antu yana buƙatar kayan aiki kamar PA66 waɗanda suka dace da ƙa'idodin da aka gindaya. Mai hana harshen wuta na UL 94 V-0 bayani dalla-dalla da kuma wuce Wayar IEC 60695-2-12 Mai Haske gwaji a 850°C.
Ma'aunin Zafin Jiki (TI) ga UL 746B yana buƙatar kayan su rayu awanni 50,000 a zafin da aka ƙayyade (105°C ga daidaitaccen PA66) yayin da suke riƙe da aƙalla kashi 50% na ƙarfinsa na asali. Don wuce waɗannan tushen, an saka gidajenmu na mallaka da PA66-GF25 (ƙarfafa zare na gilashi 25%)Wannan yana ɗaga Zafin Zafin Zafi (HDT) zuwa 240°C mai ban sha'awa a 1.8 MPa. An haɗa shi da masu hana harshen wuta na phosphorus masu kyau ga muhalli, kauri mai kauri mm 0.8 yana cimma TI 105°C da juriya mafi girma na CTI 600 (PLC 0). Ana tabbatar da juriyar baka da kansa cewa ya kai ≥ daƙiƙa 120 daidai da Juriyar ASTM D495 ƙa'idodi.
Yarjejeniyar Binciken Zafi & Bin Dokoki na Duniya
- Nemi gwajin ma'aunin zafi (UL 746B, 105°C, awanni 50,000, riƙewa da ƙarfi ≥ 50%).
- Tabbatar da sakamakon gwajin waya mai haske (IEC 60695-2-12, 850°C, daƙiƙa 30, babu harshen wuta).
- Tabbatar da Ma'aunin Bibiyar Kwatancen (CTI ≥ 600 V, PLC 0, IEC 60112 a cikin samfuran 5).
- Tabbatar da ƙarfin juriyar baka (≥ 120 s, ASTM D495, samfuran 3).
3. Tsarin Samarwa da Kula da Inganci
Dole ne ƙungiyoyin sayayya su canza daga siyan kayayyaki zuwa samowar kayayyaki bisa dogaro. Tabbatar da waɗannan mahimman sigogi kafin kammala kowace kwangilar sayayya don tabbatar da cewa sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta kasance mai kariya daga gazawar filin da ba ta yi ba:
(a) Riƙe Karfin Juyawa
Dole ne ya jure wa zagayowar zafi 1,000 tare da ƙarfin matsewa da ya rage ≥ 80%, da kuma juriyar hulɗa
(b) Taurin Kayan Keke
Yana buƙatar ƙimar HV 110–130. Dole ne ya jure zagayowar karfin juyi 500 yayin da yake riƙe da ƙarfin matsewa ≥ 90%.
(c) Dorewa da Zafi
Dole ne a yi gwajin UL 746B TI 105°C, gwajin waya mai haske a 850°C, ƙimar CTI 600, da juriyar baka ≥ 120 s.
(d) Bin Dokoki da Rufewa
Dole ne ya riƙe takaddun shaida na UL 94 V-0, RoHS, REACH, CE, CQC, da UL. Dole ne a yi amfani da farantin Bar na yanzu Sn ≥ 2 μm, Ag 0.1 μm tare da ƙarfin soldering na Rukuni na 3.