Iyi mudasobwa isanzwe imaze igihe kinini isuzugura PC Labs za PCMag kurusha uko undi muntu wese mu ikipe yacu yabyibuka. Kubera ko ari nini cyane, twarayisukuye ... hanyuma turayikuraho.
Niba ushaka gukora filime ivuga ku isabukuru y'imyaka 40 ya IBM PC (12 Kanama 2021), nzatora izina: Hazaba hari ivumbi. Ibyo ni ukubera ko akazi kanjye ari ukunoza za IBM PC za kera muri laboratwari ya PC ya PCMag, kugira ngo zishobore kuvugururwa mu minsi y'ingenzi. Yego!
Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, mudasobwa eshatu za IBM zo mu myaka ya 1980, buri imwe ifite ecran ijyanye nayo, yakiraga PC Labs kandi izibika ku dushashi tunini. Ibihangano by'inzu ndangamurage byarokotse gukoreshwa, kwimurwa kw'ibiro byinshi, ndetse n'ama-tournevis y'abasesenguzi benshi b'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Bimaze igihe kinini bihari ku buryo nta muntu n'umwe mu bagize itsinda rya 2021 wibuka igihe byaherukaga gusenywa, gukurwaho ivumbi no gutangazwa. Mu by'ukuri, nta n'umwe uzi neza ubwoko bwazo.
Namaze iminsi myinshi nteranya mudasobwa kandi nkayicamo ibice, ariko sindi umusaruro w’ibikoresho bya mudasobwa byo mu gisekuru cya mbere. Mudasobwa yanjye ya mbere, ahagana mu 1984, yari imodoka ihendutse ya Commodore VIC-20. Kuri televiziyo y’umukara n’umweru, nanditse porogaramu za BASIC muri iyo gazeti maze ndazibika kuri kaseti igoye. (Nahoraga ngirira ishyari izo nshuti zanjye zifite C64 ikomeye cyane na disiki yayo yo hanze.) Napfushije ubusa kubera mudasobwa ya Apple Mac LC mu 1991, hanyuma Mac clone (Hari umuntu wibuka UMAX SuperMacs?), hanyuma PC clone yanjye ya mbere...Sinigeze nsubira inyuma.
Ni ukuvuga ko: Nabuze uko nakuraga mu myaka 10 ya mbere, IBM PC. Kuki ntakomeza gukurikirana igihe cyatakaye muri 2021?
Nakuyemo mudasobwa eshatu za IBM za PC Labs mu bubiko. Nyuma y'iminota itanu yo gushakisha kuri Google, gushakisha no gushishikariza, nasanze ebyiri muri zo ari IBM PC XT, moderi yo mu gisekuru cya kabiri. (Ikimenyetso gito cya "XT" kiri imbere kigomba kuba impano idasobanutse.) Zasubiye ku gikoresho. Tuzabika ibi bikoresho bibiri mu isabukuru y'imyaka 40 ya PC XT muri Werurwe 2023. Ariko kimwe muri byo ni IBM PC Model 5150 - izina ry'umuryango wa IBM PC ya mbere. (Humura!) Ariko byari igice cy'imyanda imbere n'inyuma. (Shh!)
Mu bihe byashize, PC Labs ishobora kuba yarakoreye ibirori byo kwishimira Model 5150 yayo ya kera ku isabukuru y'imyaka 20 cyangwa 25 ya IBM PC. Imwe muri disiki za floppy yakuweho ishyirwa ku ruhande, ishobora kuba atari yo ya mbere. Hari abantu b'abanyabwenge bashyize disiki ya HD-DVD muri kimwe cya kabiri cy'aho disiki ya 5.25-inch ifite uburebure bubiri. (Wibuka HD-DVD? Birashoboka ko utagomba kubikora.) Igice cya kabiri gifite disiki ya Seagate ishaje, yanduye ya santimetero 5.25 iri imbere, igenda buhoro buhoro.
Kuramo umupfundikizo, imbere muri 5150 hameze nk'ibyavuye mu birori by'abavandimwe. Ifu y'umukara yafashe umwanya ku nsinga zimwe na zimwe z'umugozi... hari ubwo iracyafata. Coca-Cola yavuyemo? (Urebye imyaka, wenda ni New Coke.) Acide ya batiri? Uko byaba bimeze kose, amacupa ya alcool ashobora kubikemura. (Um.)
Igikoresho cyoroshye: ikarita yo guhuza porogaramu ya disiki ikomeye ya Seagate. Mu magambo make bivuze impinduka zidafite ishingiro. Kuraho ibyo. Ntabwo ari ikimenyetso cyiza.
Dufite IBM PC Model 5150 imwe gusa ikoreshwa neza kandi ikunze gukoreshwa nabi. Barcode ya sosiyete ya Ziff-Davis (sosiyete ya PCMag imaze imyaka myinshi) igaragaza ko iyi yari umutungo w'ikoranabuhanga, imbaraga nyamukuru zo guhindura ibintu igihe kirekire. Hari umuhanga mu bya PCMagger wayibitse mu murundo w'ibisigazwa kugira ngo izakoreshwe mu gihe kizaza.
Hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku ruhande rw'ikibaho cy'amakuru, maze iki gice gikurikiraho kiboneka ku ruhande rumwe: "64KB-256KB CPU." Ibi byagaragaje ko moderi ya 5150 yari ivuguruwe nyuma. Ikibabaje ni uko mudasobwa yacu ya IBM atari yo "y'umwimerere", mudasobwa ya OG 1981. Yateranijwe nyuma y'imyaka mike.
Igitekerezo cyiza: 1984. Ikirango cy'imyenda gishyizwe imbere mu ndangururamajwi imwe kigaragaza ko indangururamajwi yakozwe cyangwa yateranijwe muri Nzeri 1984, bishoboka ko ari muri Florida. Ntibiramenyekana neza ikirango.
Ikibazo ni uko mudasobwa ya IBM "y'umwimerere" yatangijwe mu 1981 yitwaga Model 5150, ariko 5150 yaje kuvugururwa nyuma. Yakozwe mu myaka ya za 1980 hafi ya yose, iravugururwa kandi iravugururwa, kandi igurishwa hamwe n'izindi zakurikiyeho, nka verisiyo ikomeye ikurikira, IBM PC XT. Uwarokotse muri laboratwari yacu si umuntu wa kera, ariko ifite inyuma imwe n'umutima umwe.
Nta kibodi ya IBM dufite hafi yacu, kandi disiki za DOS floppy zimaze imyaka myinshi zitakara, bityo dushobora gukora ibintu bike cyane dukoresheje mudasobwa. Kuyihuza na monitor (ibindi bizakurikiraho) no kuyitangira bizatera gusa urukurikirane rw'amajwi arakaye. Ariko twifuzaga gufata amashusho ya sisitemu kugira ngo yongere PCMag isubiramo isuzuma rya mbere rya IBM PC mu 1981. Ushobora kuyireba kuri iyi link hanyuma urebe ikinyamakuru cya mbere kuri Google Books (tutibagiwe n'ikibazo cyacu cya nyuma).
Rero mu gihe cyo gufotora, nakoze icyo imbwa y’inkazi yiyubaha yakora: kuyisenya! Umufotozi wacu w’umurwayi Molly Flores (Molly Flores) yahagaze kugira ngo afate amafoto. Twakoze studio ya PCMag yo mu 2021 kuri mudasobwa hagati mu myaka ya 1980. Birababaje gupfusha ubusa aya mashusho yose meza, rero ngwino udusure.
Nanone, sindi umwana wa revolisiyo ya mbere ya mudasobwa mu myaka ya za 80, bityo isesengura ryanjye rizatanga umusaruro utangaje, kandi rizakurikira ibihe byiza by’uwahoze ari umwanditsi mukuru Michael Miller, nk’uko yabitangaje ubwe. Bityo rero, ndakwinginze mumfate neza kandi mushyire ibyo mwibuka mu bitekerezo biri hepfo y’iyi nkuru!
Ubwa mbere hari amafoto ashimishije y’imodoka ya kera ya 5150. Molly ayigira nziza kurusha uko isa. Nkoresha isabune yoroshye n’amatawulo kugira ngo nkosore chassis, nshyiremo udupira twa alcool kugira ngo nkureho umwanda ukomeye, kandi nkoresha umwuka wo mu gikombe kugira ngo nkosore inkwavu zari zirimo ivumbi. Yakojejeho ibisigaye muri Photoshop.
Iyo ni moniteur ya IBM 5151 iri hejuru y'agasanduku. Iyi ni CRT ifite ishusho imwe gusa ifite ubushobozi bwo kwerekana neza...inyuguti 80, imirongo 25. (Menya neza ko izi ari inyuguti, ntabwo ari pikseli.) Adaptateri ya IBM yo kwerekana amashusho (MDA), ikarita ya videwo ya mbere, yashoboraga gukoresha agasanduku, nubwo twatunguwe ubwo twafunguraga agasanduku. (Bizasobanurwa birambuye nyuma.)
...Nta zindi mashini zigenzura kuri ecran, ndetse nta na switch yo kuyifungura cyangwa kuyizimya. Ibyo biterwa nuko ecran ihita ishyirwa inyuma y'agasanduku ka mudasobwa binyuze mu nsinga ebyiri zikomeye ...
...Imwe yo gutanga amashanyarazi n'indi yo gutanga videwo. (Tuzasuzuma aya makarita, imiyoboro, n'amasoko nyuma.) Gukoresha mudasobwa ya mudasobwa bizanakoresha moniteur.
Aha rero dufite chassis yo hanze y’ubwoko bwa 5150, isukuye kurusha uko byari bimeze kuva ahagana mu 1986...
Disiki ebyiri za mbere ni disiki za santimetero 5.25 zifite udukingirizo dufunga dufatana na ka-chunk ishimishije. Tuzabigaragaza birambuye nyuma; tuzabikuramo. (Mu by'ukuri, nagombaga kongera gushyira aya mafoto mu mwanya wayo; icyegeranyo cya kera cy'inzu ndangamurage cyasimbuwe mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize.)
Iyi ni isuzuma ry'inyuma yose. Hari amakarita atatu mu mwanya w'ikarita ya ISA expansion, kandi umwanya utarakoreshejwe ntugira igifuniko, ibyo bikaba bimaze igihe kirekire.
Ushobora kandi kubona ikimenyetso cya kera cya "Made in USA" hejuru y'ikimenyetso cy'icyitegererezo. Ubu ushobora kuvuga ko hari mudasobwa zingahe za mudasobwa?
Hanyuma hari imiyoboro ikomeye ikoreshwa kuri za mudasobwa za IBM. Birumvikana ko iyo miyoboro ya cartridge idakoreshwa cyane, kuko verisiyo nyinshi za 5150 zigurishwa zirimo disiki ya floppy. (Iyo havuzwe kaseti ihujwe na mudasobwa, bizantera ubwoba: Ntekereje kuri VIC-20 yanjye, umwuga wanjye watangiye n'ubwoko bwa mbere bwo kubika mudasobwa, inyinshi muri zo zaturutse kuri disiki nka Exabyte, Iomega, na Tandberg mu myaka ya 1990. .)
Imashini nyamukuru yo gukurura umuriro iherereye iburyo, hafi y'inyuma. Iherekejwe n'akantu keza kandi gakomeye. Ntabwo uzongera kubona uburyo nk'ubwo bwo gukurura umuriro kuri mudasobwa yawe, ibyo ni ukuri. Wenda ni igikoresho cyo kurwana.
Ku bijyanye n'aho mudasobwa isigaye iherereye, iherereye ku makarita menshi yo kwagura. Ifite umugozi wa RCA ibumoso bigaragara ko ari ikarita y'amashusho; moniteur yo mu bwoko bwa 5151 ikorana n'umuyoboro wa 9-pin. Ariko se ni iki kiri iburyo?
Ndi mukuru bihagije ku buryo nibuka amakarita ya SCSI na ports zihuriranye, kandi bisa n'ibya nyuma. Hari uburyo bumwe gusa bwo kubimenya. (Kugira ngo umenye ko nibeshye, ni uko.)
Hari ikintu kimwe kigomba gusobanuka neza: byose kuri mudasobwa ya IBM ya mbere biraremereye. Izina rikomeye rya IBM ryari rizwi ku izina ry'akabyiniriro "Big Iron", ariko iyi mudasobwa yo kuri mudasobwa ijyanye n'izina rya "Little Iron" (nubwo yego, mu by'ukuri ni icyuma). Ni nini kandi iremereye.
Igipfukisho ni cyo cy'ukuri. Gishyire imbere kugira ngo ukureho; ntugishyire ku birenge byawe. Nasize iyi frame irabagirana yambaye ubusa...
...Uretse uburyo bunini kandi bworoshye bwo gukurura ibyuma bya disiki ebyiri, ntabwo isa nkaho idasanzwe ugereranyije na sisitemu zo muri iki gihe za mudasobwa.
Mu by’ukuri, hamwe n’amashanyarazi, icyapa kiri hejuru kirashaje cyane, ariko imiterere yacyo iramenyerewe, ndetse hari n’icyuma gihuza amashanyarazi kinini na ... Molex connector kuri motherboard! Ibi biracyakoreshwa na n’ubu.
Ndashaka kwinjira cyane muri motherboard, bityo bimwe mu bice bigomba kwimurwa. Banza ukuremo ikarita yo kwagura, hanyuma uyikanda ku gice cy'inyuma ukoresheje vis.
Iyi ni yo ya mbere, kandi ihujwe na disiki ya floppy ikoresheje umugozi wa riboni. Iyo ni ikarita igenzura disiki ya floppy. Muri icyo gihe, hagombaga kongerwamo imirongo myinshi y'ibanze ya sisitemu binyuze mu makarita yo kwagura...
Urabona ko insinga y'imbere ya riboni ikiri guhuzwa; ifatanye na disiki ebyiri za santimetero 5.25. Ubushakashatsi bwiyongereyeho bwerekana ko iyi karita ari verisiyo ivuguruye y'ikarita igenzura. Umuyoboro wo hanze ni uwa disiki zo hanze za disiki; si SCSI cyangwa umuyoboro uhwanye.
Iyi karita nini y'amashusho ni ndende nk'amakarita agezweho y'amashusho agezweho, kandi arenga kimwe cya kabiri cyayo ashyirwaho n'amakarita y'abakobwa. Inkomoko y'iyi karita ni amayobera gato kandi isaba umukoro wo gukora. Iyi si ikarita ya MDA y'ibanze ya IBM. Mbere na mbere nibwiraga ko ishobora kuba ivugururwa nyuma yo kugurisha. Ariko, iki ni ikibazo cya IBM. Adaptateri ya IBM Enhanced Graphics (EGA), intebe y'abakobwa ni inyongera y'ububiko bw'amashusho, kandi ishyirwaho imbonankubone n'ikarita. (Iyi karita ifite ubuziranenge bwa 64K graphics memory.) Iyi yabanjirije VGA, ishobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga amabara agera kuri 640 x 350. ni nziza cyane!
Dukurikije ibipimo bya none, iyi karita ni inyamaswa idasanzwe. Hariho urwego rwa pulasitiki yoroheje ibonerana inyuma y'ikarita y'umukobwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubunini bw'inyongera butagera ku ikarita ya ISA iri hafi ndetse bikaba byatera umuvuduko muke. Agace gatukura ("Grayhill") mu mfuruka yo hejuru iburyo hari urukurikirane rwa swichi za DIP zo gushyiraho imikorere y'ikarita hakurikijwe moniteur ukoresha. (Tuzareba byinshi muri ibi nyuma.)
Ibyo ni byinshi mu bikoresho bya chips na solder joints. Uko mbizi, ni imwe mu makarita ya Intel yitwa "onboard" ISA memory expansion card. Uku ni ko wagura ububiko bw'ibanze bwa sisitemu, kera cyane mbere yuko DIMM na SO-DIMM bisanzwe bya PC bigaragara mu maso y'umuntu uwo ari we wese.
Iyi ni inama mpuzamahanga cyane. Iyo urebye neza, uduce twinshi (icyorezo cya NEC memory module) dukorerwa mu Buyapani, ariko utundi dukorerwa muri Maleziya, Megizike na El Salvador. Abandi badafite ubwenegihugu busobanutse bashobora no gukorerwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ntabwo ari ikarita ya ISA cyane ahubwo ni inama y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye.
Ibi rero bidusubiza kuri motherboard. Ariko kugira ngo ukureho circuit board ugomba gukuraho imwe muri disiki za floppy, zibuza kugera kuri imwe muri vis ziyihambira kuri chassis. Kubwibyo, kuraho insinga ya riboni hanyuma uvaneho connector y'amashanyarazi ya disiki iri ibumoso...
Hanyuma, kuramo tournevis, ukuremo vis ebyiri, hanyuma disiki ikava mu gasanduku nkuko igikoresho cyose cyiza cya santimetero 5.25 cyabaga mbere...
Iyi ni Molex connector izwi cyane ikoresha disiki; hari ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe biracyakoreshwa muri mudasobwa bwite kugeza ubu...
Rero, iyo skrubu y'urufunguzo igaragara kuri motherboard! Utuzu duke turi mu mfuruka (imitwe isanzwe aho kuba imitwe ya Philips, bitangaje) biroroshye gukuraho. Ariko motherboard nayo ifatwa n'inkingi za pulasitiki mbi cyane, zinyura mu myobo iri muri motherboard. Ugomba kuyikanda witonze ukoresheje intoki zawe cyangwa imashini, hanyuma ukayikanda mu myobo yo gushyiramo circuit board. Ikibazo ni uko ubohora zimwe, hanyuma zikagaragara iyo ukoze ku zindi. Ukeneye amaboko atandatu cyangwa arindwi kugira ngo uzikandagire icyarimwe!
Ariko, umurwayi yarazirekuye zose mu minota 10, maze motherboard irasohoka ivuye ku ruhande rw'agasanduku...
Mbega ahantu heza cyane! Si ikintu gitangaje. Nubwo hari itandukaniro rigaragara, aha si kure cyane y'amakuru ya motherboard agezweho. Ku ruhande rumwe, iyi ni port panel yose ya I/O...
Ubu, izi motherboard za mbere za PC ntabwo zifite BIOS nkuko tubizi. Washyizeho hardware yawe ukoresheje switches za DIP hanyuma uyikoresha hamwe n'igitabo cy'amabwiriza (hashobora kubaho guhamagara ubufasha bwa tekiniki cyangwa umufatanyabikorwa wawe w'umuhanga)...
Ibi nabibutse kuri zimwe mu mashini za PC nari mfite nyuma yaho. (Ndacyibuka ko nazinze.) Hari amatsinda abiri y'aba bantu babi b'ubururu bworoheje ku kibaho cya 5150.
Nanone hari ikindi kintu kirimo: ububiko bwinshi. Hano hariya hamaze gushyirwamo ibyuma. Twavuye mu gihe cya DIMM gisanzwe. Ubucucike bw'ububiko ntiburagera ku rwego bakeneye kugira ngo babone ububiko buhagije kuri memori stick ingana gutya... ndetse ntabwo ari hafi cyane.
Iyi niyo mashini nyamukuru ihuza amashanyarazi ya motherboard. Mbere yo gukurura motherboard, nakuyemo icyuma gikuru cy'amashanyarazi. Ni ikintu kidasanzwe kuri ATX 20+4 pin connector isanzwe nkuko tuyizi muri iki gihe, ariko ni umukurambere ugaragara.
Ugereranyije na motherboard iheruka, ikintu kimwe kigaragara ko kibura ni iki: CPU, soketi ya CPU, na heat sink biri he? Ibi bisaba gusuzuma, ariko amaherezo twabonye chip...
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 10-2021