Abatshalizimali bakhathazekile ngesimo sokutholakala kwempahla njengoba amanani e-aluminium aphesheya kwezilwandle enyuke kakhulu kusukela ngo-2011 ngoSepthemba 6, ethintwe yizinxushunxushu zezombusazwe zasekhaya eGuinea. Isixhumi se-Micro Jack, Isihloko sephinikhodi futhi Ikhebula Eliyisicaba kube nomphumela omkhulu.
Izinkampani zezimayini ezihlobene nazo zathola uxhaso, i-Alcoa kanye nenkampani yamandla avuselelekayo i-Norsk Hydro) zakhuphuka ngo-5%, ngaphezu kokuphakama kwayo ngo-2008, kanti i-Rusa yakhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-14% yafinyelela phezulu kakhulu.
Ukuvukela umbuso eGuinea kunyuse intengo ye-bauxite.
NgeSonto, izwe laseNtshonalanga Afrika iGuinea lenzeke. Njengezwe elinezindawo zokugcina i-bauxite ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, izinguquko zalo zasekhaya zibangele ngqo ukwenyuka kwamanani e-bauxite.
Amanani okulethwa kwe-bauxite evela eGuinea eya eShayina afinyelele isikhashana esiphezulu sama-$50.50 / ithani kusukela ezinyangeni ezingu-18 ngoMsombuluko, enyuke ngo-1% kusukela ngoLwesihlanu, ngokusho kwezilinganiso zezinsimbi zase-Asia. Amanani okulethwa kwe-bauxite akhuphuke ngo-16% kulo nyaka. Kodwa ukwanda kokulethwa kwe-bauxite kubangelwa ukukhathazeka kwabathengi ngokuthi iGuinea izothinta ukunikezwa, kodwa abekho abavukuzi ababike ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwa.
I-bauxite ye-LME ifinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu cishe eminyakeni eyishumi njengoba i-aluminium-futures ikhuphuka ngoMsombuluko. Umphumela uphinde wadluliselwa emakethe yamasheya. Ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke, amasheya abakhiqizi be-aluminium njengeNorsk Hydro (Norwegian) kanye neRusal (Rusal) -Get Report akhuphuke, kanti ezimakethe ze-A-share, abakhiqizi be-aluminium njengeChinalco nabo bakhuphuke.
Ibutho laseGuinea lithembise ukuthi ngeke lithinte ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezimbiwa
Ukuvakasha kweGuinea kuye kwagxekwa amazwe amaningi emhlabeni jikelele, okubeke ingcindezi enkulu ebuthweni lezempi laseGuinea. NgoMsombuluko, umholi wezempi waseGuinea (uMamady Doumbouya) uthembise uhulumeni wesikhashana kazwelonke kanye nesiqinisekiso sokuthi ukuthunyelwa kwezimbiwa eGuinea ngeke kuncishiswe.
UDumbuya uthe umngcele waseGuinea uzohlala uvuliwe ukuze izimayini zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. Uphinde wathi umthetho wamanje wezwe awusebenzi embonini yezimayini. "Ngingaqinisekisa abalingani bami bebhizinisi kanye nezomnotho ukuthi imisebenzi yezimayini eGuinea izoqhubeka ngokujwayelekile. Sicela izinkampani zezimayini ziqhubeke nemisebenzi yazo."
IGuinea (uchwepheshe wemboni ye-bauxite uBob Adam) uthe: "Amathuba okuba nomthelela omkhulu wesikhashana ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe mancane kakhulu. USepthemba ube sezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lomjikelezo wokuthunyelwa kwe-bauxite."
Ngaphezu kwalokho, waphawula ukuthi i-bauxite iyisihluthulelo somnotho waseGuinea kanye nomthombo omkhulu wezwe wemali engenayo yezimali zangaphandle, nokuthi "noma yimuphi uhulumeni ozayo uzofuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu akubeki engcupheni imali engenayo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi esizayo."
I-Bauxite iwumthombo wokusetshenziswa kwezomnotho eGuinea
I-Bauxite isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-alumina, i-alumina isetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhipha i-aluminium, i-aluminium ingasetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni, kuma-smartphone nasezinhlelweni zamandla. Amanani e-aluminium aphesheya kwezilwandle akhuphuke afinyelela cishe eminyakeni eyishumi ephezulu engu-$2,782 ngethani ekuhwebeni kwase-Asia ngoLwesibili, futhi agcina ukushaqeka okukhulu.
IGuinea inothile ngemithombo yamaminerali, kanti izindawo zayo zokugcina i-bauxite zisezingeni lokuqala futhi zingabakhiqizi besibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ibhizinisi le-bauxite liyinsika ebalulekile yomnotho walo kanye nomthombo oyinhloko wemali engenayo yezimali zangaphandle. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezokumbiwa Kwezimayini wezwe, kukhiqizwe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-88 e-bauxite kulo lonke unyaka odlule.
Izimo ezinhle zezinsizakusebenza ziheha nokutshalwa kwezimali okuningi kwamanye amazwe. Izibalo zabezindaba zibonisa ukuthi kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2021, amaphrojekthi e-bauxite eGuinea abe ngu-35.91%, i-Alcoa ibe ngu-20.08%, i-Chinalco ibe ngu-15.15%, i-aluminium yase-UAE ibe ngu-13.57%, kanti i-Rusa ibe ngu-6.75%.
Okuphawulekayo ukuthi iGuinea ingumhlinzeki omkhulu we-bauxite eShayina, njengoba ukuthunyelwa kwayo eShayina cishe kufana nendawo yokuqala ne-Australia. Ngo-2020, inani eliphelele lokungeniswa kwe-bauxite lalingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-111.587, ukwanda okuqhubekayo okungu-10.9% unyaka nonyaka, lapho amathani ayizigidi ezingu-52.6701 avela eGuinea, okubalwa u-47.2% wenani eliphelele lokungeniswa, ukwanda okungu-18.51% unyaka nonyaka.
Imisebenzi yezimayini eGuinea iyasebenza ngempela
Eqinisweni, ibutho laseGuinea alizange libe nomthelela oqondile emisebenzini yezimayini yendawo njenge-bauxite yendawo. Ngokusho kwe-Reuters, izinkampani ezitshala imali eGuinea njengamanje ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi ezimayini zithi imisebenzi yezimayini ayithintekanga kangako.
Okhulumela iChinalco uthe imisebenzi ye-bauxite yenkampani eGuinea isebenza ngendlela evamile; okhulumela inkampani ye-bauxite yaseGuinea i-CBG naye uthe izimayini zayo azithintekile yilesi siphithiphithi.
I-TOP International Holdings Ltd, ephethe izimayini ezimbili ze-bauxite eGuinea, ithe ibhizinisi liyaqhubeka "ngokuphazamiseka okuncane" njengoba zombili izitezi ze-bauxite zizinzile.
Isikhulu sezimayini zegolide i-AngloGold Ashanti (BA) sikhiphe isitatimende sithi sisebenza ngokujwayelekile emayini yegolide yaseSiguiri (Siguiri) eGuinea. Imayini yegolide ikhiqize ama-ounces angu-117,000 egolide ezinyangeni eziyisithupha zokuqala zonyaka.
I-Rusa, ene-bauxite ezintathu kanye nefektri eyodwa yokuhluza i-alumina eGuinea, ayizange iphendule ngokushesha ngokuthi imisebenzi yokumba iphazanyisiwe yini, yize ithe izocabangela ukuhoxisa bonke abasebenzi baseRussia uma isimo sayo sezombusazwe siqhubeka nokuba sibi. Izimayini ze-Chinalco eGuinea zingu-42% wamandla ayo okukhiqiza.
Kodwa-ke, kulokhu kuphakamisa ukungabaza okwengeziwe ngekusasa lephrojekthi ye-iron-ore yaseGuinea. I-Simandu Project (Simandou) yaseShayina, iphrojekthi ye-iron ore enkulu kunazo zonke engakathuthukiswa, ephethwe yiGuinea, itshale imali eningi, kanye neRio Tinto, i-Aluminium Industry of China, iYantai Port Group, iChina Baowu nezinye izinkampani zonke ezihlanganyele ekutshalweni kwezimali.
U-Andrew Gadd, umhlaziyi wensimbi omkhulu we-CRU Group (u-Andrew Gadd), uthe, "Kube nzima ukuthola uxhaso lweSimandu, futhi ukungaqiniseki ngentuthuko yamanje kuzophonsela inselelo izibopho ezihilelekile."
Uyini umthelela emakethe yezinto zokusetshenziswa zasekhaya?
"I-Aluminium ingenye yezinsimbi zezimboni ezinethemba elikhulu, ikhuphuke cishe ngo-50% kulo nyaka. Izindaba ezivela eGuinea zingase zikhulise kakhulu igebe lokunikezwa kanye nesidingo, elibangelwa ukwenyuka kwezinsongo zokunikezwa, phakathi kokukhula okukhulu kwesidingo somhlaba wonke." Ithimba leSaab Bank lisho embikweni ngoMsombuluko.
Amasheya e-aluminium aseShayina, inkampani kahulumeni futhi engomunye wabakhiqizi be-aluminium abakhulu emhlabeni, akhuphuke cishe ngo-40% ngoMsombuluko, kanti amasheya e-A akhuphuke ngomkhawulo wansuku zonke.
Amasheya e-hinalco agcine engu-5.5%, eqhubeka nokukhula kwezinyanga eziningi ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo eShayina kanye namanani aphezulu e-aluminium emhlabeni jikelele. Amasheya e-Chinalco kuze kube manje asengo-2021 njengoba inzuzo kulindeleke ukuthi ikhuphuke ngemuva kokuba iShayina ibe ngumthengisi we-aluminium ngo-2020.
Intengo ye-aluminium ikhuphuke kakhulu ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuhlinzekwa kusukela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, kusho i-China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association ngoMsombuluko. Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2021, umkhiqizo we-aluminium eluhlaza kanye nokungeniswa kwe-China bekungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-22.89 kanye namathani angama-930,000, ngokulandelana, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium kanye nokungeniswa kwe-aluminium kukhuphuke ngo-9.5% unyaka nonyaka kanye no-167.6%, ngokulandelana.
Inkontileka ye-aluminium yansuku zonke yeShanghai Futures Exchange ngoMsombuluko ibingu-21,075 yuan ngethani, yehle ngo-1.5% kunentengo yayo yokugcina yangaphambilini, kusho inhlangano. Le nkontileka ibilokhu iphakeme kakhulu kusukela emasontweni ambalwa edlule, ifinyelele ku-$21,495 ngethani ngomhlaka-30 Agasti.
I-Bloomberg (Bloomberg) ibika ukuthi izinselele ezikhulayo zokukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium eluhlaza e-Guangxi Aluminium Center ziye zabhekana nobunzima njengoba ukuqina kwamandla esizini kuholele ekunciphiseni ukukhiqizwa.
UWei Lai (TF Futures Co.) -Get Report uthe: "Uchungechunge lwezinqubomgomo zakamuva zaseShayina luthinte ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium futhi lwakhuphula amanani, lulindele ukuthi izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezinqubomgomo ezihlobene nalo liqhubeke kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka. Ngakho-ke, uma nje isidingo kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwe-aluminium kungagcinwa, khona-ke isimo se-aluminium emakethe sinobulungiswa, futhi intengo ye-aluminium kunzima ukuyibuyisela emuva."
Izikhungo eziningi ziyaqhubeka nokubona amanani e-aluminium esikhathi esifushane enyuka. I-Goldman Sachs ilindele ukuthi inzuzo yesikhashana ye-aluminium iqhubeke njengoba umbono wokunikezwa komhlaba wonke ungase ube mubi kakhulu. I-ejensi yase-Wall Street inyuse umgomo wayo wentengo ye-aluminium yaya ku-$3,200 ngethani ezinyangeni ezingu-12 ezizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-09-2021