Guhindura impuzandengo rusange ni inzira ndende, gusaba banki itanga inguzanyo kubara umwuga.
Nyir'ubwato azatangaza impuzandengo rusange mu gihe gikwiye cyo kugera ku cyambu cya mbere nyuma y'impuzandengo rusange kandi abimenyeshe imizigo n'umwishingizi w'ubwato. Niba ugize impanuka nk'iyo, nyamuneka hamagara ikigo cy'ubwishingizi vuba bishoboka, wumve inama zabo z'umwuga, maze ikigo cy'ubwishingizi kizagufata. Imiyoboro y'umutwe, Ibice by'amapine na Utugarura-gajuru tw'amagare imirima ni kimwe.
Ubwato n'umugenzuzi ubusanzwe bisaba ko imizigo itanga ingwate rusange kandi igasinya amasezerano rusange mbere yo kuyitanga. Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bw'ingwate, ku bicuruzwa bifite ubwishingizi, ubwato n'umugenzuzi ubusanzwe bemera ibaruwa rusange y'ubwishingizi yasinyweho n'ikigo cy'ubwishingizi, mu gihe ibicuruzwa bidafite ubwishingizi ubusanzwe bisaba ko ibicuruzwa biha umugenzuzi ingwate rusange (niba umuguzi cyangwa umugurisha badashaka kwishyura indishyi cyangwa ingwate kandi umugurisha adafashe ibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa bizagurishwa mu cyamunara kugira ngo bishyure impuzandengo rusange). Byongeye kandi, ubwato ubusanzwe busaba ko imizigo itanga inyandiko zifatika kugira ngo zemeze agaciro k'ibicuruzwa.
Ushinzwe imizigo agomba guhita yemeza ikigo gishinzwe gutwara ibicuruzwa uko ibintu bimeze, agafata ibimenyetso kuri iki kibazo, akabaza aho ubwato bujya bwa mbere, agategura igenzura ku gihe, kandi agashobora guha uwohereza ibicuruzwa ubufasha bwo kumufasha kugera ku cyambu cyagenwe cyo kujyamo ku nshuro ya mbere. Bishobora kugabanya igihombo kidakenewe.
Mu gihe nta bimenyetso n'ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko impuzandengo rusange idashobora kwemezwa, ikigo cy'ubwishingizi cyangwa umukozi ushinzwe kugenzura bagomba guhita batanga ubwishingizi rusange ku bwato no gushyiramo agaciro k'ibicuruzwa icyarimwe, kugira ngo badahamya ko ibicuruzwa byafatiriwe bitaragera cyangwa bitaragera ku nshingano kandi bigejejwe ku bwato.
Muri rusange, kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bigere ku muntu wabitanze vuba bishoboka kandi bigabanye gutinda bitari ngombwa, uruhande rw'imizigo rutanga ingwate rusange vuba. Nyuma yo kuvugurura, isuzuma rusange ritari ryiza rigomba kwishyurwa nyuma yo gusuzuma no kwemeza raporo y'ivugurura.
Ntacyo navuga, gura ubwishingizi!
Mu bwishingizi bwo mu mazi, ubwishingizi ku "byago byose" ni bwo bworoshye cyane. Ubu bwishingizi bwabwo ni FPA, WPA n'ibicuruzwa byishingiwe mu nzira bitewe n'impamvu zo hanze ziterwa n'igihombo cyose cyangwa igice cyacyo. Impamvu zo hanze zivuga gusa ubujura, gutanga ibicuruzwa, imvura y'amazi meza, imvura ngufi, kuvanga, kwangirika, kwangirika, uburyohe bw'imigozi, ubushuhe n'ubukonje, kwangirika kw'ingufu, kwangirika kw'ibipfunyika, kwangirika kw'ingese.
Icyitonderwa ni uko imyigaragambyo n’ibyago by’intambara bitagaragara mu byago byose, bityo izindi ngaruka zishobora kugurwa iyo zoherejwe mu turere twashegeshwe n’intambara cyangwa ibihugu bikunda imyigaragambyo, nko mu Buhinde na Amerika y’Epfo.
Ubwishingizi bw'ubwishingizi = Igiciro cya CIF × 110% ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Igipimo cy'ingaruka zose ku bwikorezi mpuzamahanga ubusanzwe ni 8/10000 kugeza 3/1000. Ku bohereza ibicuruzwa benshi, bishobora kuba amagana y'amadolari. Ntugashyireho ibyago byinshi kugira ngo uzigame aya mafaranga.
None se ni nde uzishyura ubwishingizi? Biterwa n'igihe cy'ubucuruzi ukoresha.
Hari uburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye bwo gukusanya:
Dore ibisobanuro by'ingingo zikoreshwa cyane za CIF:
CIF
Ikiguzi, Ubwishingizi n'Ibintu, Umugurisha acunga ubwishingizi bw'imizigo ku muguzi kandi akishyura amafaranga y'ubwishingizi. Iyo umuguzi n'umugurisha batemeranyije ku ngaruka runaka, umugurisha agomba gusa kubona ubwishingizi buke. Iyo umuguzi asabye ubwishingizi bw'intambara bw'inyongera, umugurisha agomba kwishingira ubwishingizi ku giciro cy'umuguzi.
CIF ni imwe mu magambo akoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi. Iyo ubikoze CIF, ariko ntugure ubwishingizi mu buryo butunguranye, ushobora kubyemera gusa, ugomba kwishyura impuzandengo rusange, kandi ushobora guhura n'ibirego by'abashyitsi. Kuki? Uramutse uguze ubwishingizi, wowe ufite umururumba uhendutse ntiwaguze, uravuga nde?
Hari n'ikibazo cyo kwitaho, hari abashyitsi batenguha cyane, bigaragara ko bavugana nawe FOB, ariko barashaka ko ukora CIF, reka ushake umuyoboro wo kugeza ku cyambu cyabo, ariko umushyitsi yishyuye imizigo gusa, ntiyaguhaye ubwishingizi. Muri iki gihe niba utekereza ko ibyo ari ukuvuga igiciro cya FOB, ubwishingizi ntaho buhuriye nawe, ntabwo uguze ubwishingizi, ariko ikintu nyacyo kiracyari icyawe. Urabona, uyu ni umushyitsi uri mu ihererekanya ry'ibyago! Iyo umushyitsi abisabye, umusaba imizigo n'ubwishingizi.
CIP
Imodoka n'ubwishingizi byishyuwe kuri
Umugurisha ageza ibicuruzwa ku mucuruzi wabigenewe, aho umugurisha agomba kwishyura imizigo kugeza aho bigeze kandi akanishingira umuguzi ku byago byo gutakaza cyangwa kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa biri mu nzira. Ni ukuvuga ko umuguzi aba afite ibyago byose n'ibindi bicuruzwa nyuma yo kubigeza ku mucuruzi.
FOB
Dukurikije amabwiriza ya FOB (Ubuntu mu ndege) cyangwa CFR (Ikiguzi n'Ubwikorezi), hagomba guteganywa ko umuguzi agomba kwishingira (Kuba yishingiwe n'abaguzi), kandi umugurisha agomba kumenyesha umuguzi amakuru y'ubwikorezi ako kanya ubwo ibicuruzwa birangiye, kandi umuguzi agafata icyemezo cyo kugura ubwishingizi ku bushake bwe, kugira ngo hirindwe amakimbirane ashobora gukurikiraho.
Umucuruzi wo mu mahanga yatugejejeho ubucuruzi bw'umukiriya we: igiciro gishingiye kuri FOB, ariko azishyura umugurisha ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi n'amafaranga yishyurwa hamwe kandi inyandiko yereke CIF burundu. Umucuruzi yatekereje ko nta gihombo cyabayeho ku isezerano, yatoye amajwi make, none bisa nkaho byanze rwose. Koko rero, iki gikorwa kigomba kwangwa, bitabaye ibyo ibyago bizaba iby'umugurisha.
Kandi niba akora FOB, ariko amafaranga ya nyuma ntiyishyurwe, nubwo umuguzi yagura ubwishingizi, ashobora kuba ari kumwe n'umugurisha kugira ngo yishyure igihombo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 18-2020